Table of Contents
Finance & Development, March 2016, Vol. 53, No. 1
Peter J. Walker
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Peter J. Walker profiles David Card, the economist who has questioned accepted aen on minimum wages, immigration, and education
A allotment of paper: ailing and taped—somewhat haphazardly—to the wall. The makeshift adroitness adver at the University of California, Berkeley’s Economics Administration symbolizes a abat that flies in the face of its aerial bosh reputation. One of Berkeley’s economists—also admired but modest—is David Card.
Card rose to bulge in 1995 aback he won the coveted John Bates Clark Medal, again awarded every two years by the American Bread-and-butter Affiliation (AEA) to the arch economist beneath the age of 40 who is alive in the United States. It is advised to be the top accolade in economics barring the Nobel Prize. Through empiric ysis into a alternation of “natural experiments”—real-life situations underpinned by able-bodied data—Card challenged accepted bread-and-butter ceretion in several important areas.
He begin that, clashing in clical models, adopting the minimum allowance does not necessarily access unemployment, and alike has the abeyant to abate it. Added than 15 years of ysis led to a battleground 1993 cardboard and consecutive book—coautd with Princeton abettor Alan B. Krueger—that yzed the appulse of the minimum allowance on the New Jersey fast-food industry. In April 1992, the U.S. accompaniment of New Jersey added the minimum allowance from $4.25 to $5.05 an hour, while adjoining Pennsylvania kept it unchanged. It was the ideal accustomed experiment. Card and Krueger begin that, about to those in Pennsylvania, fast-food restaurants in New Jersey absolutely added application by 13 percent—evidence that the acceleration in the minimum allowance did not accept the adverse aftereffect feared by so many.
The abstraction fabricated a lot of noise, but it about didn’t happen, coauthor Krueger recalls: “Our accustomed agreement about didn’t appear to p, as the [New Jersey] accompaniment embly afflicted and voted to abolition the minimum allowance access afore it took effect. The governor the abolition and had aloof abundant votes to abstain actuality overridden. . . . In a way,” Krueger notes, “this fabricated our allegory added acute because the minimum allowance access partly came as a surprise, so administration wouldn’t accept absolutely adapted to it in advance.”
Another abstraction by Card that additionally challenged accepted aen begin that accepting added migrants does not necessarily bulk built-in workers their jobs or lower their wages. Card’s 1989 abstraction on the Mariel Boatlift advised the appulse of the abrupt accession of 125,000 Cuban immigrants to the Miami activity bazaar amid 1980 and 1985. Abounding at emblage had argued that the influx—representing a 7 percent access in Miami’s activity force—would abuse the job affairs of low-skilled built-in workers already in the city. But Card begin it had about no aftereffect on the accomplishment and unemployment bulk of low-skilled natives. Alike amid the Cuban population, accomplishment and application ante of beforehand immigrants were not essentially bargain by the accession of the Mariels.
On these fronts and others, Card’s ysis rocked the boat, breeding a bulk of action but additionally cogent skepticism. If Card and his critics could accede on one thing, however, it was that bucking the trend—even if aloof a little too much—was, at that time, far from a answerable avenue to boilerplate acclaim.
Speaking in his appointment at Berkeley—a characterless appearance alfresco on a clammy and black January morning—Card explains that he was on vacation with his wife aback he abstruse of the Bates Clark award: “They were aggravating to adeptness me and acquaint me that I had won the prize. In all honesty, no one anytime would accept anion that addition like me would win, and I absolutely would never accept anion that,” Card recalls, with a claimed bashfulness that belies his acceptability as a beat academic.
That shock, however, paled in allegory with the abhorrence he acquainted aback he accustomed the prize. Furious about his allegation and urance in arduous accustomed bread-and-butter thinking, abounding economists at the AEA appointment protested and organized their own seminars bashing his work: “My acceptance was that this was agilely to try and avert the AEA from criticism that we were a agglomeration of left-wing nuts.”
To say Card was not anon accepted by the added economics affiliation is an understatement. As he acclaimed in a afterwards aegis of the New Jersey paper: “Replication and reysis are important endeavors in economics, abnormally aback new allegation run adverse to accepted wisdom.” Actuality challenged as an bosh is accustomed and healthy, but in this accurate case, he felt, things got absolute claimed absolute fast. “I would accept acutely awkward conversations at dinner, or my acceptance would be broiled because bodies anion I was crazy. It larboard an acutely bad aftertaste in my mouth.”
In a sense, economics has consistently been claimed for Card. Growing up in rural Ontario, Canada, his ancestors “was not, and is not, decidedly rich,” and absolute few of his accompany went to university. Living on a dairy farm—which his aged ancestor keeps to this day—Card became absorbed by the science surrounding the affliction of cows—for example, how to amut beasts so that they aftermath nutrient-rich milk for the optimal bulk of time.
His accurate absorption led him to abstraction physics at Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario—funded in allotment by a abbreviate appointment alive at a animate plant.
Then, at university, a adumtion came to him—by accident. Allowance out his then-girlfriend with her economics ignment, Card apprehend a arbiter affiliate about
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